Globalization is a term that is not easily
defined, but is loosely described as the process by which the world is becoming
increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and
cultural exchange. It has gradually increased the production of goods and
services and the biggest companies are no longer national firms but
‘multinational corporations’ with subsidiaries in many countries.
Globalization has been taking place for hundreds of years, but has
speeded up enormously over the last half-century. It has resulted in aspects
such as, increased international trade, a company operating in more than one
country, greater dependence on the global economy, freer movement of capital,
goods and services and recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks
in LEDC’s (Less Economically Developed Countries).
Although
Globalization is probably helping to create more wealth in developing countries
– it is not helping to close the gap between the world’s poorest countries and
the world’s richest. There are several factors, which have influenced the
process of globalization: Improvements in transportation, Freedom of trade,
Improvements of communications and Labour availability and skills.
Globalization has resulted in many businesses setting up or buying
operations in other countries. When a foreign company invests in a country,
perhaps by building a factory or a shop, this is called inward investment.
Companies that operate in several countries are called multinational
corporations. The US fast-food chain McDonald’s is a large MNC.
Globalization
is having a dramatic effect – for good and bad – on world economies and on
people’s lives. Some of the positive impacts are things such as, TNC's providing jobs
and skills for local people, the sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of
people and cultures and increasing awareness of events in far-away parts of the
world. Some of the negative impacts are things such as globalization being
viewed as a threat to the world’s cultural diversity, transnational companies with their massive economies of scale driving other smaller companies out of business, and there being no guarentee that the wealth from inward investment will benefit the local community and that
industry may begin to thrive in LEDCs at the expense of jobs in manufacturing
in the UK and other MEDCs, especially in textiles.
Anti-globalization
campaigners sometimes try to draw people’s attention to these points by
demonstrating against the World Trade Organisation. This is an inter-government
organization that promotes the free flow of trade around the world.